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Material is an abstract base class. You cannot instantiate it. You probably want StandardOpaqueMaterial since you mean to set a thickness (otherwise MasslessOpaqueMaterial is a possibility)

In [1]: import openstudio

In [2]: m = openstudio.model.Model()

In [3]: mat = openstudio.model.StandardOpaqueMaterial(m)

In [4]: mat.setThickness(0.3)
Out[4]: True

In [5]: print(mat)
OS:Material,
  {355d42fb-f0e5-4e57-b0e8-a8d34651f095}, !- Handle
  Material 1,                             !- Name
  Smooth,                                 !- Roughness
  0.3,                                    !- Thickness {m}
  0.1,                                    !- Conductivity {W/m-K}
  0.1,                                    !- Density {kg/m3}
  1400;                                   !- Specific Heat {J/kg-K}

Take a look at the inheritance diagram: https://s3.amazonaws.com/openstudio-sdk-documentation/cpp/OpenStudio-3.6.1-doc/model/html/classopenstudio_1_1model_1_1_material.html