How do I view the total heat transfer coefficient through surfaces in OpenStudio/EnergyPlus?

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The Envelope and Internal Load Breakdown Measure gives annual and monthly kBtu per surface type and surface, as well as non envelope gains/losses. So while it isn't normalized per area it could be modified or extended to do that.

As for why you are not seeing data in your SQL file for the outputs you added. Are there any warnings in your eplusout.err file about the variable requests?

For reference, here is what is called for this measure.

# monthly heat gain outputs
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Electric Equipment Total Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Gas Equipment Total Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone Lights Total Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone People Sensible Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Surface Window Heat Gain Energy,monthly;').get

# monthly heat loss outputs
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Surface Window Heat Loss Energy,monthly;').get

# hourly outputs (will bin by hour to heat loss or gain and roll up to monthly, may break out by surface type)
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Surface Average Face Conduction Heat Transfer Energy,hourly;').get