What is the output that defines the cooling/heating loads that appear on Openstudio results?

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You may want to look at the Envelope and Internal Load Breakdown measure on BCL. It shows heat gain and loss by component type and by individual component.

Here are the output variables used for this measure

# monthly heat gain outputs
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Electric Equipment Total Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Gas Equipment Total Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone Lights Total Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone People Sensible Heating Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Gain Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Surface Window Heat Gain Energy,monthly;').get

# monthly heat loss outputs
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Zone Infiltration Sensible Heat Loss Energy,monthly;').get
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Surface Window Heat Loss Energy,monthly;').get

# hourly outputs (will bin by hour to heat loss or gain and roll up to monthly, may break out by surface type)
result << OpenStudio::IdfObject.load('Output:Variable,,Surface Average Face Conduction Heat Transfer Energy,hourly;').get

And here are some screenshots

I'd like to included gains and losses related to ventilation to this but have not had time to implement a good approach for that yet.