Question-and-Answer Resource for the Building Energy Modeling Community
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Pretty sure it was you who posted this same question to radiance-general. I would definitely reiterate Roland Schregle's excellent answer over there; get yourself a copy of Rendering with Radiance, and I absolutely agree that Physically Based Rendering is an amazing text on the math of all this stuff.
Any general physics text will give you the deets on the radiometric and photometric quantities, measurements and calculations.
The IES Lighting Handbook is a good text for answering all the lighting questions you posed here, and personally, I love Color Imaging for its ability to tie a lot of this stuff together.
